Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterial preparation and printing technologies provide unique opportunities to develop flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) for various healthcare applications. Unlike the costly, multi-step, and error-prone cleanroom-based nano-microfabrication, the printing of nanomaterials offers advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high-throughput, reliability, and scalability. Here, this review summarizes the most up-to-date nanomaterials, methods of nanomaterial printing, and system integrations to fabricate advanced FHE in wearable and implantable applications. Detailed strategies to enhance the resolution, uniformity, flexibility, and durability of nanomaterial printing are summarized. We discuss the sensitivity, functionality, and performance of recently reported printed electronics with application areas in wearable sensors, prosthetics, and health monitoring implantable systems. Collectively, the main contribution of this paper is in the summary of the essential requirements of material properties, mechanisms for printed sensors, and electronics.
Highlights
Recent advances in functional nanomaterials and printed electronics have attracted enormous interest, due to the advantages of low-cost, scalability, high-throughput, rapid processing, and hybrid integration of both inorganic and organic materials, compared to the conventional fabrication methods [1,2,3,4,5,6].Conventional microfabricated electronics in cleanroom facilities require numerous materials and expensive sets of material processing equipment, which include subtractive manufacturing lines with toxic chemicals [7]
Weber number (We) summarize an extensive properties for the design of specific sensors and electronics, strategies for enhanced device performance list of nanomaterial properties the designand of specific sensors and electronics, for, and advanced sensors strategies (temperature, enhanced device performance, and strain, pressure, electrochemical, and electrophysiological)
This review article delivers the summary of nanomaterial properties, synthesis of nanomaterials, printing strategies, and use cases in wearable and implantable applications
Summary
Recent advances in functional nanomaterials and printed electronics have attracted enormous interest, due to the advantages of low-cost, scalability, high-throughput, rapid processing, and hybrid integration of both inorganic and organic materials, compared to the conventional fabrication methods [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Conventional microfabricated electronics in cleanroom facilities require numerous materials and expensive sets of material processing equipment, which include subtractive manufacturing lines with toxic chemicals [7]. These devices using semiconductor-manufacturing methods are rigid and bulky, which causes limitations in emerging applications for wearable and implantable biomedical devices. FHE in nanomaterial synthesis, ink formation, various printing mechanisms, sensor characteristics, and healthcare and human-machine interfaces (Figure 1).
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