Advanced nano biosensorsfor rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria.

Abstract

An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans and vice-versa is called zoonosis. Bacterial zoonotic diseases can re-emerge after they have been eradicated or controlled and are among the world's major health problems which inflict tremendous burden on healthcare systems. The first step to encounter such illnesses can be early and precise detection of bacterial pathogens to further prevent the following losses due to their infections. Although conventional methods for diagnosing pathogens, including culture-based, polymerase chain reaction-based, and immunological-based techniques, benefit from their advantages, they also have their own drawbacks, for example, taking long time to provide results, and requiring laborious work, expensive materials, and special equipment in certain conditions. Consequently, there is a greater tendency to introduce simple, innovative, quicker, accurate, and low-cost detection methods to effectively characterize the causative agents of infectious diseases. Biosensors, therefore, seem to practically be one of those novel promising diagnostic tools on this aim. These are effective and reliable elements with high sensitivity and specificity, that their usability can even be improved in medical diagnostic systems when empowered by nanoparticles. In the present review, recent advances in the development of several bio and nano biosensors, for rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria, have been discussed in details.