Abstract
Environmental pollution is produced when physical and chemical methods are used to modify montmorillonite. Herein, an advanced approach for calcium-based montmorillonite modification through microbial mineralization and microbial sulfate respiration is proposed. Microbial-induced calcium precipitates in the gaps between microbial montmorillonite layers to produce calcium carbonate particles, thereby increasing the interlayer gap. The microbial montmorillonite was used as a filler to reinforce natural rubber, and the natural rubber achieved a favorable tensile stress of 20.7 MPa because the polymer chains were interspersed in the montmorillonite interlayers. Further, the combined use of microbial montmorillonite and carbon black in the rubber compound provided an identical reinforcing effect to that of using only carbon black. The biological strategy in this study provides a facile method to modify exfoliable two-dimensional clays as reinforcing fillers for the rubber industry.
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