Abstract
Viscous sintering kinetics of thermoplastic polymers has been studied for powders using models refining the Frenkel-Eshelby approach. It is usually based on the measurement of the bonding neck between two molten particles submitted to thermo-microscopy trials. Recently, specific experimental setups have been described for studying the viscous sintering of filaments used in additive manufacturing by FDM. The description of their coalescence by models developed for particles is a rough approximation. However, the evolution of the shape of their section can be modelled by lemniscate curves. In the present work, we present an advanced image analysis approach allowing the fitting of the contour of the filaments by a Lemniscate of Booth. It is based on the automatic assessment of the coordinates of their edge pixels and the adjustment of lemniscates to match their evolving shape as a succession of inverse ellipses. We apply this procedure to a model-biopolymer recently shown as 3D-printable, the plasticized zein, a corn protein extruded as cylindrical filaments. Their sintering is recorded at 120°C as 8-bits coded raw images. After segmentation, a numerical mask is applied to follow the filaments outline. Using Matlab® as computer algebra system, the adjustment and the identification of lemniscates parameters leads to determine the viscous sintering characteristic time, similar to those of standard polymers. Then, the full monitoring of sintering kinetics is achievable and makes possible a better modelling of such experimental trials and their application to enhance the control of the welding between layers in additive manufacturing.
Highlights
The cross-section of bonded filaments constituting 3D printed parts by fused material deposition may be considered as a representative element for the description of their porous mesostructure [1, 2]
It is usually based on the measurement of the bonding neck between two molten particles submitted to thermo-microscopy trials
We present an advanced image analysis approach allowing the fitting of the contour of the filaments by a Lemniscate of Booth
Summary
The cross-section of bonded filaments constituting 3D printed parts by fused material deposition may be considered as a representative element for the description of their porous mesostructure [1, 2]. Lemniscates as plane algebraic “8” shape curves may be efficient in this purpose They have been successfully used for the modeling of ceramic sintering kinetics in the case of cylindrical filaments [3]. In the case of cylinders, a Lemniscate model was proposed and solved numerically by Hopper [3, 7]. This model allows the estimation of the characteristic time for viscous sintering tvs [s], from θ experimental values: Advanced image analysis of thermoplastic filaments’ viscous sintering kinetics: Contour
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