Advanced hepatic fibrosis and steatosis are associated with persistent alanine aminotransferase elevation in chronic hepatitis C patients negative for hepatitis C virus RNA during pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy.

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Clinical implications of persistent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation and associated factors in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who achieved undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA during pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (peg-IFN/RBV) therapy remain unknown. A total of 1113 CHC patients with undetectable HCV RNA during peg-IFN/RBV therapy were enrolled. Baseline characteristics associated with persistent on-treatment ALT elevation (POAE), and its impact on treatment outcomes, were investigated. Of 1113 CHC patients, 254 (22.8%) had POAE. Among patients with HCV genotype 1 (HCV-1) who had complete early virologic response (EVR) and received 48 weeks of therapy, patients with POAE had a lower rate of sustained virologic response (SVR) than those without POAE (44.1% vs 74.0%; P = .0002). Multivariate analyses showed that body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m(2), ALT level ≥3 times the upper limit of normal, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index score ≥1.5, hepatic fibrosis ≥F3, and hepatic steatosis ≥S2 were independent factors associated with POAE after viral clearance. POAE is common in CHC patients during therapy. HCV-1 patients with POAE have a lower SVR rate to 48-week therapy if they achieve complete EVR. Advanced hepatic fibrosis, obesity, and steatosis are factors associated with POAE in these patients.