Abstract
On a planetary scale, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)is the third cause of inability after malnutrition and nicotinism, even higher than water shortage and sedentariness. In the USA, the prevalence is estimated at over 25 percent of the population; in Italy, it involves approximately 25 percent of men and even 27 percent of women. These are very high figures, corresponding to approximately 14 million affected individuals. The prevalence is alarming and must not be underestimated, particularly in the dental field, where more than one patient out of four sitting in a dentist chair is affected. The etiology of periodontal disease has not yet been clarified, and recently the idea to consider it as a multifactor pathology has been developed. Cofactors such as the formation of free radicals of oxygen (ROS), oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and formation of glycation end-products (AGEs) probably play an important role in the onset of periodontal disease. The AGEs are compounds physiologically produced by the cells. However, they accumulate and cause pro-inflammatory conditions, when the cellular clearance fails, or in hyperglycemic and oxidative states. All these conditions can be clinically summarized as Metabolic Syndrome. The purpose of this literature review is to establish a relationship between two pathologies with very high prevalence: Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal Disorder. The literature seems to have clarified that MetS involves a pro-oxidation status, which induces AGE formation. AGEs play a very important role in the course and severity of periodontal diseases.
Highlights
At a planetary scale, the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the third cause of inability after malnutrition and nicotinism, even higher than water shortage and sedentariness
The purpose of this study is to extend this vision, which includes the residual products of non-enzymatic glycosylation, originated from oxidative metabolism conditions, as factors promoting periodontal disease
It is known that all MetS triggering factors play a clear role in the onset of oxidative stress, in the subsequent formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and probably in the activation of the pro-oxidising, pro-inflammatory AGE-RAGE system (Koyama et al 2005)
Summary
The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the third cause of inability after malnutrition and nicotinism, even higher than water shortage and sedentariness. In the USA, the prevalence is estimated at over 25% of the population; in Italy, it involves approximately 25% of men and even 27% of women (Ford et al 2002) These are very high figures, corresponding to approximately 14 million affected individuals. The aetiology of periodontal disease has not been clarified yet, and recently the idea to consider it as a multifactor pathology has been developed. The AGEs are compounds physiologically produced by all metabolically active cells They accumulate and cause pro-inflammatory statuses, when the cellular clearance fails, or in hyperglycaemic and oxidative statuses (Peppa et al 2008). AGEs play a very important role in the course and severity of periodontal diseases
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