Abstract
The high and growing share of renewable sources and the more important role of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the Distribution System (DS) is leading to a need for more efficient coordination of those sources. In future power systems, TSO–DSO coordination will play a key role in providing flexibility services. Lack of proper coordination of sources may lead to congestion in the network or to a lack of possibility to generate or consume energy on a requested level. The crucial aspect is that the TSO–DSO coordination must be based on an active role of all participants: TSO, DSO, generation units and the demand. This paper presents the possible application of the TSO–DSO coordination by providing the flexibility services from DS to the Transmission System (TS). The paper presents the complex optimization of TS, DS and its coordination. The main goal of the paper is to show the possibility of the application of the flexibility market into the current system design. It requires the creation of a new platform, where the offers of the flexibility services could be submitted and then exchanged between entities. The paper shows that the usage of flexibility services may decrease the operational cost of the system, and the DERs providing those services may benefit from an additional source of income.
Highlights
Nowadays, changes in the electricity sector are creating a need for new developments, mainly due to substantial increase of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) generation, and due to growth in Energy Storage (ES), demand response and demand from the growing sector of electric vehicles
The current paper presents another approach in which the offers are established separately for periods
Future power systems consisting of a large number of renewable sources and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) will need strong TSO–DSO cooperation to provide better utilization of those sources and lower operation cost of the network with flexibility services
Summary
Changes in the electricity sector are creating a need for new developments, mainly due to substantial increase of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) generation, and due to growth in Energy Storage (ES), demand response and demand from the growing sector of electric vehicles. The main goal of the future system is to maximize the use of intermittent renewable energy sources, which produce energy only in specific conditions, whereas the large power plants at this time will be able to cover residual demand. When the conditions will be less favorable, the large power plants will cover most of the demand At this time the distribution grid is not prepared for the flow in both directions; what is more, most of the lines are not monitored in real-time. The distribution system is working in a “fit-and-forget” approach [3], which is related to the state in which infrastructure is oversized, to be able to cover peak values of the flow This approach probably will exist and gain importance in the future, due to an increase in installed power of distributed generation and changes within the power system.
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