Advanced Electrodegradation of Doxorubicin in Water Using a 3-D Ti/SnO2 Anode

Corina Orha,Carmen Lazau,Anamaria Baciu,Florica Manea,Cornelia Bandas,Mina Ionela Popescu

doi:10.3390/w14050821

Abstract

This study investigated the application of an advanced electrooxidation process with three-dimensional tin oxide deposited onto a titanium plate anode, named 3-D Ti/SnO2, for the degradation and mineralization of one of the most important emerging contaminants with cytostatic properties, doxorubicin (DOX). The anode was synthesized using a commercial Ti plate, with corrosion control in acidic medium, used as a substrate for SnO2 deposition by the spin-coating method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that porous SnO2 was obtained, and the rutile phase of TiO2 was identified as an intermediary substrate onto the Ti plate. The results of CV analysis allowed us to determine the optimal operating conditions for the electrooxidation process conducted under a constant potential regime, controlled by the electron transfer or the diffusion mechanisms, involving hydroxyl radicals. The determination of UV–VIS spectra, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) allowed us to identify the degradation mechanism and pathway of DOX onto the 3-D Ti/SnO2 anode. The effective degradation and mineralization of DOX contained in water by the electrooxidation process with this new 3-D dimensionally stable anode (DSA) was demonstrated in this study.

Highlights

Active compounds (PhACs) are included into the category of emerging pollutants present in water, and their presence has been reported in every aqueous ecosystem
The main source of pharmaceuticals is represented by wastewaters from hospitals, manufacturing aquaculture facilities, and landfill leachate, which are in generally discharged into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)
The results indicate that the spherical throughand themicrostructural deposition of six which indicate that the SnO2 f mesoporous nature of thelayers, SnO2 films was obtained from the optimized tin gel deposited onto the corroded

Summary

Introduction

Active compounds (PhACs) are included into the category of emerging pollutants present in water, and their presence has been reported in every aqueous ecosystem. Considering that cancer isone of the most serious diseases diffused in the world, it is obviously that the consumption of cytostatics is increasing and, as consequence, their presence in the environment will continue to rise [3]. Because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, cytostatics have a very negative environmental impact, especially on water, and as consequence, pose serious risks to human health [4]. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic used frequently to treat cancer via DNA intercalation It consists of the tetracyclic quinoid aglycone adriamycinone (l4-hydroxydaunomycinone) linked to the amino sugar daunosamine [5]

Methods

Results

Conclusion