Abstract
SUMMARY Time-lapse seismic monitoring of reservoir fluid flow and other time-variant subsurface phenomena can be achieved with active and/or passive source seismology. We present new concepts that demonstrate the benefits of using the full time-lapse wavefields more accurately, for example via 4D prestack depth migration, 4D wave- equation migration velocity analysis, and 4D full waveform inversion. These new concepts provide an opportunity for more accurate imaging of complex scattered 4D wavefields, and the possibility to monitor very weak signals using 4D coda waves, useful for monitoring reservoir gas depletion or injection-induced seismicity.
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