Abstract
Poor cycling performance arising from the instability of anode is still a main challenge for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLB). In the present work, a high performance LiTi2(PO4)3/C composite has been achieved by a novel and facile preparation method associated with an in-situ carbon coating approach. The LiTi2(PO4)3/C nanoparticles show high purity and the carbon layer is very uniform. When used as an anode material, the ARLB of LiTi2(PO4)3/C//LiMn2O4 delivered superior cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90% after 300 cycles at 30 mA g−1 and 84% at 150 mA g−1 over 1300 cycles. It also demonstrated excellent rate capability with reversible discharge capacities of 115 and 89 mAh g−1 (based on the mass of anode) at 15 and 1500 mA g−1, respectively. The superior electrochemical properties should be mainly ascribed to the high performance of LiTi2(PO4)3/C anode, benefiting from its nanostructure, high-quality carbon coating, appropriate crystal structure and excellent electrode surface stability as verified by Raman spectra, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements.
Highlights
Poor cycling performance arising from the instability of anode is still a main challenge for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLB)
aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) is far more environmental friendly compared with non-aqueous Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and the ionic conductivity of electrolyte can be increased by several magnitudes[5]
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of as-prepared LTP/C composites with various carbon contents are presented in Fig. 1a, from which it can be seen that all samples demonstrate similar diffraction patterns, which can be well indexed to LiTi2(PO4)[3] phase with a rhombohedral NASICON type structure and a R3c space group (JCPDS#35-0754)
Summary
Poor cycling performance arising from the instability of anode is still a main challenge for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLB). When used as an anode material, the ARLB of LiTi2(PO4)3/C//LiMn2O4 delivered superior cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90% after 300 cycles at 30 mA g−1 and 84% at 150 mA g−1 over 1300 cycles. ARLBs of LiV3O8//LiMn2O4, LiV3O8//LiNi0.81Co0.19O2, NaV3O8//LiMn2O4, NaV6O15//LiMn2O4 and so on were constructed using vanadates as anodes[16,17,18,19] Most of these vanadates only delivered limited cycling life due to the materials dissolution in aqueous solution, especially at a low current density[6]. In Wessells’s work[20], LiTi2(PO4)[3] exhibited a capacity retention of 89% even at a low current density of C/5 rate after 100 cycles in aqueous electrolyte. New preparation and carbon coating strategies should be designed to achieve high performance LTP/C
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