Advanced approaches with combination of 2D nanomaterials and 3D printing for exquisite neural tissue engineering

Abstract

The regeneration of neural tissue presents significant challenges due to the complexity of the nervous system, which can be damaged by traumatic and non-traumatic injuries. Traditional approaches to repairing nerve damage, such as transplantation of auto-, allo-, or xeno-grafts, have limitations. Recently, researchers have been studying the use of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as novel therapeutic approaches for treating neurological disorders. This review first presents the classification of 2D nanoparticles for neural regeneration and their biocompatibility. Thereafter, we discuss the recent approaches combining 2D nanomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) printing to produce hydrogel-based scaffolds for exquisite neural tissue engineering. Furthermore, recent highlighted studies focusing on the combination of 2D nanomaterials and 3D bioprinting for neural tissue engineering are specially introduced. Through this review, we aim to contribute to crafting a range of strategies for the biomedical applications of 3D printing with diverse nanomaterials and hope to encourage further research on understanding the mechanisms of toxicity as well as the synergistic effects of 2D nanomaterials and hydrogel scaffolds for neural tissue engineering and regeneration.