Abstract
[Extract] Both the fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) mobile systems will use multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) technologies with multi antenna capabilities at both the base station and user equipment. To improve the capacity, extend the coverage, and decrease the antenna deployment complexity, many advanced antenna technologies have been proposed recently, such as the large-scale array antenna and the small-scale smart antenna. The large-scale array antenna system, also known as massive MIMO or massive three-dimension (3D) antenna, is a new research field in antenna systems, electronics, communication theory, and embedded software. It is often utilized in the frequency division duplex-(FDD-) based 4G & 5G systems, and its performance gain over the classical array antenna, which uses a relatively small number of antennas fed via coaxial cables from a high-power amplifier, is thus significant. However, one of the disadvantages of massive MIMO systems is that the antenna size is too large, resulting in a large frontal area. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of smart antenna (also known as the small-scale smart antenna) is often designed for the time division duplex (TDD) 4G & 5G systems and can effectively decrease the antenna size, while ensuring the capacity and coverage performances.
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