Abstract
Rare earth (RE) elements with unique 4f orbitals have emerged as crucial components in advancing nanomaterials for improved electrocatalytic water splitting because of the overlap of the wavefunctions between d and f orbitals can lead to the formation of a charge-transfer highway, thereby decreasing the energy barrier and balancing the adsorption of intermediates during electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent developments in utilizing RE elements to enhance the performance of nanomaterials in water splitting applications. The unique electronic structure and catalytic properties of RE elements offer a promising avenue for optimizing electrocatalysts and improving overall efficiency in water electrolysis. Various RE element modulated catalysts used for driving water splitting are systematically discussed. Furthermore, the electronic interaction between RE elements and other elements in nanomaterials are explored, highlighting the potential for further enhancing electrocatalytic performance. This review emphasizes the significant role of RE elements in advancing nanomaterials for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting and sets the stage for future research directions in this area.
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