Abstract
Background: Adult height, weight, and adiposity measures have been suggested by some studies to be predictors of depression, cognitive impairment, and dementia. However, the presence of confounding factors and the lack of a thorough neuropsychological evaluation in many of these studies have precluded a definitive conclusion about the influence of anthropometric measures in cognition and depression. In this study we aimed to assess the value of height, weight, and abdominal perimeter to predict cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in aged individuals.Methods and Findings: Cross-sectional study performed between 2010 and 2012 in the Portuguese general community. A total of 1050 participants were included in the study and randomly selected from local area health authority registries. The cohort was representative of the general Portuguese population with respect to age (above 50 years of age) and gender. Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of tests grouped in two dimensions: general executive function and memory. Two-step hierarchical multiple linear regression models were conducted to determine the predictive value of anthropometric measures in cognitive performance and mood before and after correction for possible confounding factors (gender, age, school years, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits). We found single associations of weight, height, body mass index, abdominal perimeter, and age with executive function, memory and depressive symptoms. However, when included in a predictive model adjusted for gender, age, school years, and lifestyle factors only height prevailed as a significant predictor of general executive function (β = 0.139; p < 0.001) and memory (β = 0.099; p < 0.05). No relation was found between mood and any of the anthropometric measures studied.Conclusions and Relevance: Height is an independent predictor of cognitive function in late-life and its effects on the general and executive function and memory are independent of age, weight, education level, gender, and lifestyle factors. Altogether, our data suggests that modulators of adult height during childhood may irreversibly contribute to cognitive function in adult life and that height should be used in models to predict cognitive performance.
Highlights
Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms have a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly (Santos et al, 2013; Meeks et al, 2016)
In block 1 we aimed to understand the value of height, weight, and abdominal perimeter to predict cognition and depression and these parameters were included in the model together with gender and age
We found significant correlations between anthropometric measures and general executive performance (GENEXEC), memory function (MEM), and mood (GDS)
Summary
Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms have a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly (Santos et al, 2013; Meeks et al, 2016). Depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment often cooccur and are influenced by multiple factors (Santos et al, 2013, 2014). Low educational level is widely recognized as one of the main predictors of cognitive decline and an important risk factor for dementia (Santos et al, 2013, 2014; Xu et al, 2016). Weight, and adiposity measures have been suggested by some studies to be predictors of depression, cognitive impairment, and dementia. The presence of confounding factors and the lack of a thorough neuropsychological evaluation in many of these studies have precluded a definitive conclusion about the influence of anthropometric measures in cognition and depression. In this study we aimed to assess the value of height, weight, and abdominal perimeter to predict cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in aged individuals
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