Abstract
Holarrhena antidysenterica (Ha) and Citrullus colocynthis (Cc) biowaste from indigenous Pakistan resources was used to remove toxic brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous solutions in a batch mode. Tartaric acid chemical modification gave promising results than the nonmodified forms of biowaste. Surface characterization was carried out by FT-IR and SEM. The optimum conditions for (BG) dye elimination by Ha-tartaric acid modified (Ha-Ta) were 1.8 g, 45 minutes, 4.0 pH; 40°C, and 100 rpm and with Cc-tartaric acid modified (Cc-Ta) were 1.6 g, 45 minutes, 6.0 pH; 40°C, and 150 rpm dye solution shaking rate, which gave optimum results. Equilibrium data of raw and chemically modified biowaste followed the Langmuir model indicating monolayer chemisorption. Qmax values were found to be 55.24 mg/g, 112.35 mg/g, 50.50 mg/g, and 79.36 mg/g for Ha, Ha-Ta, Cc, and Cc-Ta. Kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Dye removal involved surface and intraparticle mode of diffusion. Thermodynamic studies proved the process to be spontaneous and exothermic one. The adsorbents can be effectively utilized for the removal of toxic basic dyes, such as BG from wastewaters.
Highlights
With the advent of modernization came great responsibilities to meet the needs of mankind
Brilliant green (BG), a synthetic organic coloring agent, belonging to the triphenyl methane family is widely used in printing paper and textile industries [12]
Characterization of Adsorbents. e suitable chemical used for chemical modification was selected by using different chemically modified biowastes for removing brilliant green (BG) dye in the batch mode as shown in (Figure 1), and results indicated that tartaric-acid-modified adsorbents had shown best results
Summary
With the advent of modernization came great responsibilities to meet the needs of mankind. Adsorption is favored upon them due to simple design, availability, maintenance, cost effectiveness, easy operation, and economic feasibility It offers strong competitors against activated carbon, which is immensely utilized for its chemically active nature, higher specific surface area, larger pore volumes, and adsorption capacities [7], but when prepared from coal and lignocellulosic ingredients, it is ultraexorbitant and not ecofriendly [8, 9]. Brilliant green (BG), a synthetic organic coloring agent, belonging to the triphenyl methane family is widely used in printing paper and textile industries [12]. It causes serious health issues, damaging renal tissues and the reproductive systems in humans. Isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were conducted for evaluation of the possible mechanism involved
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