Abstract
The development of materials for uremic toxin removal is under continuous research. In this work, a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was modified using tartaric acid through two different methods: conventional reflux heating and ultrasound energy. The resulting materials were used as an adsorbent material for the removal of uremic toxins such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. In the uremic toxin removal study, it was observed that the material modified using ultrasound for 100 min had the highest removal values (74.49%, 40.31%, and 51.50% for urea, creatinine, and uric acid, respectively), while unmodified zeolite removed 30.57%, 18.07%, and 22.84% of the same toxins. The best results for conventional heating modification were 67.08%, 31.97%, and 32.39%, respectively. Therefore, acid group incorporation considerably improved the adsorption properties of the clinoptilolite. Regarding adsorption kinetics, it was found that the pseudo-second-order model better described the behavior of all the modified materials. Equilibrium adsorption data were adjusted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Freundlich model (multilayer adsorption) described urea adsorption, while the Langmuir model (monolayer adsorption) described creatinine and uric acid.
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