Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the sunflower stalk (SS) as an adsorbent in the removal of red acid 114 (AR 114) and basic blue 3 (BB 3) in aqueous solutions, without any physicochemical treatment, where temperature and concentration were the studied variables. The research was developed by using the batch processing mode; the contact time was one hour, with constant agitation of 200 rpm and pH of 7000 ± 0.050, using a central composite design. The adsorbent was characterized through BET, SEM, acid sites and basic sites, charging point, and infrared. The results indicated that the sunflower stalk was a viable and economical alternative for the removal of water that had been contaminated by dyes, showing a better performance for the AR 114 dye, reaching a 71.96% of removal with respect to the initial load. In addition, the EPI Web software was used to model the environmental performance of colorants.
Highlights
The consumption of dyes in the textile industry presents a great challenge at the environmental level, since it is estimated that 10% of this total ends up in spills, and depending on the type of dye, it may report even higher percentages
The results indicated that the sunflower stalk was a viable and economical alternative for the removal of water that had been contaminated by dyes, showing a better performance for the acid 114 (AR 114) dye, reaching a 71.96% of removal with respect to the initial load
The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicates vibration of the O-H bond originating from the lignin at 3330 cm−1; a symmetrical vibration of the CH3 bond originating from the ether of the lignin at 2936 cm−1; at 2340 cm−1, a weak signal produced by the vibration of the C-O bond of the acetal; at 1601 cm−1, R-CH3 symmetrical deformation of the C-H bond; and narrow vibration of the O-H bond at 668 cm−1
Summary
The consumption of dyes in the textile industry presents a great challenge at the environmental level, since it is estimated that 10% of this total ends up in spills, and depending on the type of dye, it may report even higher percentages. The producers and users of this industry are interested in the stability and the solidity of the dyes, leading to the continuous production of compounds that are more difficult to degrade after their use [1]. The treatment of textile fibers with dyes generates an environmental problem that is associated with the presence in the waste water, due to the amounts of dyes that do not fix to the fiber, since the degree of fixation is determined by the textile materials, which normally is in the range of 60% - 80% [4], and even 50% [5]. There is a wide range of dyes: reactive, direct, vat, sulphur, and azoic, and these are classified according to their chemical composition, fabric to be dyed, and degree of fixation, among others [6]
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