Adsorption of trace metals onto different plastics during long-term exposure in an estuarine environment: Influence of time, stratified water column, and specific surface area

Abstract

The pervasive increase of plastics in marine systems and subsequent trace metals (TM) adsorption represents a critical environmental challenge. This long-term study is first to investigate how duration of exposure and stratified water column impact TM adsorption on various plastics in an estuary. We exposed polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) to estuarine conditions, categorizing them into three distinct groups to capture diverse human activities: pre-production pellets (Pellets), single-use plastics (SUP) and laboratory plastics (Lab). Plastic and water samples were analyzed before deployment and 1, 4, 7 and 16 months after deployment at three depths in the stratified Krka River estuary (Croatia). We measured TM concentrations, pH and salinity in the water column, and adsorbed TM amounts on plastics. Additionally, we examined plastic sample surfaces by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. TM speciation was modeled from water column data to better explain adsorption processes. Statistical analysis indicates that Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co adsorption depends on both duration of exposure and stratified water column, while Cu is influenced solely by duration of exposure to estuarine environment. Adsorbed TM amounts varied significantly among the plastic groups (Pellets, SUP and Lab), but not among different polymer types (PP, PE, PET and FEP). A noteworthy observation was the difference in the results of statistical analysis when investigating TM amounts expressed by plastic sample mass and by plastic sample surface area. Results expressed by plastic sample mass showed a difference between SUP group versus Pellets and Lab groups, while results expressed by plastic sample surface area distinguished Pellets group compared to other two groups. Therefore, we suggest presenting TM adsorption results in similar studies both by plastic sample mass and by plastic sample surface area. This approach will improve the understanding of TM adsorption on plastics, and enable more effective comparisons among the scientific literature dealing with plastics of different specific surface areas.