Abstract
Extensive use of pharmaceuticals in public health and animal husbandry has resulted in their frequent detection in a wide variety of environmental water matrices. Lincomycin (LIN) is a widely used lincosamide antibiotic that is relatively persistent in the environment given its chemically stable structure. Biochar-based adsorbents are eco-friendly and inexpensive materials that can be used to remove contaminants from water. This study investigated the interactions between LIN and a microwave-activated biochar (BC) in batch and dynamic adsorption processes. The BC activation process was optimized with consideration of the molarity of the activation agent (H3PO4), microwave heating time, and microwave power. The results indicated the effectiveness of the applied activation process in the BC production with a BET surface area of 1452 m2/g at the optimized condition, exceeding 2 m2/g for the raw biomass. The maximum adsorption capacity of BC for LIN was 190 mg/g, with experiments suggesting that electrostatic interaction may be the dominant factor affecting the adsorption of LIN on BC. In addition, thermodynamic analyses indicated the thermodynamically spontaneous and favorable adsorption of LIN on BC. The results indicate that microwave pyrolysis is an efficient method for creating an effective BC-adsorbent for removing LIN from different water matrices.
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