Adsorption of Anionic Surfactant on Alumina and Reuse of the Surfactant-Modified Alumina for the Removal of Crystal Violet from Aquatic Environment

Abstract

The adsorption characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant on neutral alumina were studied in detail. Alumina was found to be an efficient adsorbent for SDS and could be used for the removal of SDS from its highly concentrated (several thousand ppm) solution. The equilibrium time found was 2 h. Though the removal efficiency was low (∼65%) at neutral pH, but in slightly acidic condition and in the presence of NaCl the efficiency could be increased dramatically (up to >98%). The adsorption isotherm study showed distinct four regions. The effects of various other parameters such as adsorbent dose, time, and the presence of different ions (Cl- NO- 3, SO2- 4, and Fe3+), and nonionic surfactant on the SDS adsorption were also studied. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was increased due to the presence of these ions in general. After the adsorption of SDS on alumina, the surfactant-modified alumina (SMA) was used for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a well-known cationic dye from aquatic environment. The kinetic studies showed that 1 h shaking time was sufficient to achieve the equilibrium. The removal of CV followed the second order kinetics. Studies were conducted to see the effects of adsorbent dose and initial CV concentration on the removal of CV using SMA. The pH was maintained at 6.7 ± 0.1. SMA was found to be very efficient, and ∼99% efficiency could be achieved under optimised conditions for the removal of CV when present even at a high concentration (200 ppm). To test whether the removal of CV was possible from real water using SMA, the adsorption study was conducted using CV spiked samples using distilled water, tap water, and synthetically prepared wastewater. It was interesting to note that the removal efficiency was even better for tap water and much better for wastewater when compared to that using distilled water. Desorption of both SDS and CV from the SMA surface was possible using 1 M sodium hydroxide solutions.