Abstract
An economically feasible technology for the removal of pollutants from wastewater is adsorption. Active carbon was prepared by single stage method via chemical impregnation of Pili Nut-Shell with orthophosphoric acid and activation at a temperature of 450 o C using precursor-acid ratio of 1:4 for a period of 2 h. The effects of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH on the uptake of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) using Pili nut-based active carbon (PAC) were determined. The PAC maximum adsorption capacity value (190.39 mg/g) was obtained at an initial concentration of 1000 mg/L and was found to be greater than that of a commercial granular active carbon, CGAC (166.97 mg/g) at an initial concentration of 800 mg/L. The BET surface area and total pore volume of PAC (960 m 2 /g, 0.422 cm 3 /g) respectively were also greater than that of CGAC (426.3 m 2 /g, 0.208 cm 3 /g). The pore size distribution of the PAC (2.842 nm) classifies it to be within range of super-microporous and as such could be used for toxic gas removal as well as small liquid molecules. The Langmuir isotherm best described the adsorption of PNP onto PAC while Pseudo second order kinetics fitted best. The adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Thus, active carbon produced from Pili Nut-Shell can be used to adsorb PNP.
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