Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Neural networks are a popular type of algorithm for human activity monitoring which can build intelligent systems from labelled data in an automated fashion. Obtaining accurately labelled data is costly; it requires time and effort, which can be cumbersome because it interrupts the user activity stream. In conjunction with the ubiquitous presence of embedded technology, neural networks present new research opportunities for human activity monitoring in smart home environments.OBJECTIVES: We propose a human activity classification method that requires a limited amount of labelled data, which consists of a concatenation method for classifying human activities built upon the fusion of neural network activation functions.METHODS: Our methodology builds a neural network model that receives the sensor data through the input layer to then distribute it among the different vertical hidden layers, which implement different activation functions simultaneously. Next a hidden layer combines activation functions by utilising a concatenation method. Finally, the neural network provides classes to the unlabelled sensing data. We conducted an evaluation utilising an open-access dataset. We compared the activity recognition accuracy of our approach utilising 25%, 50%, and 75% of labelled data against a conventional shallow neural network trained with the 100% of labelled data available.RESULTS: Results show an improvement in the accuracy of the activity classification regardless of the portion of labelled data available. It was observed that the highest achieved accuracy when using 25% of activation function fusion data outperformed results compared to when using 100% of labelled data in a conventional shallow network (i.e., increase in accuracy of 2.7%, 3.7%, 4.8%, and 0.9% across the activity recognition of four subjects).CONCLUSION: The approach proposed showed an improvement in the accuracy of classifying human activity when a limited amount of labelled data is available.
Highlights
Neural networks are a popular type of algorithm for human activity monitoring which can build intelligent systems from labelled data in an automated fashion
Given the relevance of activation function in neural network (NN), in this paper, we focus on investigating the benefit of fusing activation functions as an elegant approach to exploit inferences that could not be feasible from a single activation fusion
We have empirically explored the impact of tuple activation function by permuting nine different functions
Summary
Neural networks are a popular type of algorithm for human activity monitoring which can build intelligent systems from labelled data in an automated fashion. The interest in research on embedded sensors in daily life objects (e.g., kitchen appliances) is growing, which enables opportunities in the field of computer engineering that makes user’s interactions richer through applications which can build on this variety of sensing data. This ubiquitous presence of sensing technology opens the opportunity to assist users in areas such as smart homes [27], rehabilitation [25], health monitoring [33], and activity recognition [23]. Machine learning, can help in the automatic recognition of daily living tasks due to its capacity to handle differences between sensor readings and features in the domain, for what neural networks have been shown to be an effective machine learning approach in such scenarios [23]
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