Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: An in Depth Analysis and Historical Review

Abstract

Adolescent idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a common disorder of children about which there is a vast amount of research available for review. This manuscript aims to discuss significant classic and modern literature regarding this spinal deformity. An organized review of topics including the definition, epidemiology, etiology, physiology, diagnosis, and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has been included herein. In this review, it is first explained that AIS now falls under the definition of late-onset idiopathic scoliosis. Epidemiologic discussion then reveals the relatively high prevalence of this disorder in children and lists the variations seen in prevalence by gender. Etiologic review explores the multifactorial nature of AIS and describes various conditions implicated in AIS pathogenesis including abnormalities in connective tissue structure, neuro-osseous development, platelet chemistry and hormone levels. The discussion of physiology explains the three dimensional structure of the AIS deformity and reviews long term complications such as back pain and compromised self-image. The section covering diagnostic methods highlights the physical exam for AIS and details important radiographic measurements including the Cobb angle, clavicle angle, and sagittal balance. Finally, the review of management emphasizes the importance of individualized therapy for AIS and discusses techniques involved in the non-operative and operative treatment of this spinal deformity.