Abstract
Previous studies have documented numerous benefits of using Virtual Labs (VLs) in promoting effective teaching of science subjects. The low level of teachers’ awareness, accessibility, and utilization of VLs in schools is also known. To the researchers’ knowledge, what is yet to be known is the extent of administrators’ awareness, procurement, and management of VLs in schools which have implications on teachers’ accessibility and utilization of VLs. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. A questionnaire (AAPMVLQ), with Cronbach alpha (α = .83), was administered to a sample of 662 secondary school principals and vice-principals drawn from 271 public schools in Cross River State Nigeria. Findings revealed that the level of administrators’ awareness, procurement, and management of VLs in secondary schools is very low. The low level of awareness was attributed to the poor supply of modern facilities to schools in the area of study. While the low levels of procurement and management were attributed to the low level of awareness of administrators. The conclusion and implications of these findings are that the teaching of science subjects at the secondary school level is witnessing a major setback and will continue if immediate actions are not taken to redress this issue. The poor academic performance of students in science subjects could also be liberated in the future if lessons are made more experiential by providing modern teaching aids such as VLs.
Highlights
The importance of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EFVs) is emerging due to the world-wide concern for the depletion of petroleum and global climate change
After verifying the research question, "Does the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) difference between the gasoline vehicle and the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) affect the HEV sales share?" we examine the subsequent question, "How much does a reduction in HEV‟s TCO contribute to an increased HEV sales share?" The sales share of the HEV is important to reducing greenhouse gases and fuel consumption in traffic
We observed that the TCO of both the gasoline vehicles and HEVs became close at around 3250 million won if both cars were retained for the same five years
Summary
The importance of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EFVs) is emerging due to the world-wide concern for the depletion of petroleum and global climate change. With the release of various models and due to their high fuel efficiency, the sales increased up to 350% in two years to sell 3543 HEVs by December 2012. In spite of the key advantages in fuel efficiency and low carbon dioxide emission, the sales of HEVs in the year 2019 only still accounted for 2.9% of the entire automobile sales due to their high prices and low horsepower. We analyze the automobile market penetration of HEVs in South Korea with the following questions: (1) Does the difference of total costs of ownership between gasoline vehicles and HEVs in the same automobile model affects HEV sales share?
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