Abstract
BackgroundImmune responses, especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules, while the key regulators and potential pathways are remaining largely unknown. In addition, the immune status of individuals could be affected by mixed metabolic background. Herein our aim was to investigate the adjusted association between ultrasound-diagnosed low risk thyroid nodules and immune responses, excluding the interference of metabolic effects on immunity.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 1764 subjects who underwent a thorough thyroid ultrasound examination. To eliminate the interference of confounders, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to match age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, parameters that are related with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Then the potential effectors of immune responses involved in the laboratorial assays were evaluated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent predictors of thyroid nodules in a multivariate manner.ResultsThe 1172 subjects were remained after PSM, and differences of demographic background between subjects with and without thyroid nodules were eliminated. Metabolic parameters comprising blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and serum uric acid were shown no significant difference between post-PSM subjects with and without thyroid nodules. Among the biochemistry and hematological parameters, white blood cell count and the positive rate of eosinophil percentage were increased in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In contrast, the positive rate of basophil percentage was lower in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In addition, the thyroid function test results showed that subjects with thyroid nodules had higher positive rates of antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) than subjects without thyroid nodules. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the positive value of TgAb as well as high level of white blood cell count and BMI could serve as independent risk factors of thyroid nodules.ConclusionsThe type 2 immune responses mediated by increased level of eosinophils, along with positive value of TgAb and TPOAb were associated with the presence of thyroid nodules. In addition, the potential role of basophils in protecting against thyroid nodules and the pathogenesis of immune-metabolic status remains to be elucidated.
Highlights
Immune responses, especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules, while the key regulators and potential pathways are remaining largely unknown
The type 2 immune responses mediated by increased level of eosinophils, along with positive value of Antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and Antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were associated with the presence of thyroid nodules
The anthropometric parameters related to metabolic status including Body mass index (BMI) and %Total body fat percentage (TBF) were higher in subjects with thyroid nodules than subjects without thyroid nodules
Summary
Especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules, while the key regulators and potential pathways are remaining largely unknown. The majority of thyroid nodules are noncancerous, a small proportion (7–15%) of them may lead to the development of thyroid cancer [3] Both branches of the innate and adaptive immune systems interact in the thyroid disorders [4]. Type 2 immunity allows immunoglobulin (Ig) E autoantibodies production against specific antigens, like thyroid peroxidase (TPO) [8]. Those evidences implied that the immune responses, especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules
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