Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a mesenchymal stem cell source with properties of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation. Compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), ASCs can be derived from more sources and are harvested more easily. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering scaffolds are better able to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment, which benefits the localization, attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of ASCs. Therefore, tissue-engineered ASCs are recognized as an attractive substitute for tissue and organ transplantation. In this paper, we review the characteristics of ASCs, as well as the biomaterials and tissue engineering methods used to proliferate and differentiate ASCs in a 3D environment. Clinical applications of tissue-engineered ASCs are also discussed to reveal the potential and feasibility of using tissue-engineered ASCs in regenerative medicine.
Highlights
Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases, and the majority could be helped or cured through tissue or organ transplantation
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have no ethical and political issues compared to embryonic stem cells because they can be derived from autologous fat [19]
Stem cells can be divided into four categories based on their origin: embryonic [38], fetal [39], adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells [40]
Summary
Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases, and the majority could be helped or cured through tissue or organ transplantation. ASCs have no ethical and political issues compared to embryonic stem cells because they can be derived from autologous fat [19] These two characteristics make ASCs become a more acceptable solution for tissue and organ transplantation in regenerative medicine and clinical studies [20, 21]. Most of listed methodologies have been utilized to encapsulate the ASCs inside the scaffolds with the desired structure, which stimulates the differentiation of ASCs into a specific cell type for clinical application. Tissue-engineered ASCs are recognized as an attractive substitute for regenerative medicine, there are remaining problems to be solved, including the mechanisms of the interactions among ASCs, the serum-free culturing methodology, and the long-term safety. A brief prospective of ASCs in tissue engineering is introduced, and a short conclusion is presented
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