Abstract
The skin is a natural barrier against the ultraviolet (UV) radiation of sunlight. The long-term and/or repetitive exposure to the sunlight and related UV radiation may change the skin structure, decreasing collagen production, promoting premature skin aging, which is termed “photoaging”. The signs of photoaging include wrinkle formation, mottled pigmentation, and/or cancerous changes. For many years, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) and fat grafting (F-GRF) have been used to combat photoaging signs, wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and face soft tissue defects. Several studies have analyzed in vitro actions of AD-MSCs against photoaging’s effects, thanks to their migratory activity, paracrine actions, and related in vivo–ex vivo outcomes. In fact, AD-MSCs act against skin photoaging in vitro via activation of dermal fibroblast proliferation, antioxidant effect, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reduction. In vivo and ex vivo outcomes regard the local injection of AD-MSCs, F-GRF, and/or enriched-F-GRF with AD-MSCs directly in the wrinkles and the face’s soft tissue defects. This concise review summarizes the most recent in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo outcomes and developments on the effects of AD-MSCs and F-GRF against photoaging.
Highlights
In the first signaling pathway (MAPK), UV irradiation may activate cell surface receptors for interleukin (IL)-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which leads to the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) and P38; this kinase activation will further induce the transcription of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa
Several findings have shown that fat grafting (F-GRF) and related adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs)/stromal vascular fraction (SVF) are effective in treating soft tissue defects and wrinkles [11,20,21,22,23], and previous studies have emphasized their application in wound healing (WH), scars treatment (ST), and in the treatment of radiotherapy damage [24]
A dose-dependent increase in type 1 procollagen was confirmed by AD-MSCconditioned medium (AD-MSCs-CM). These findings showed the effects of AD-MSCs on the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1 in UV-radiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and the expression of collagen in HDFs, providing evidence of the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase1 (MMP-1) and procollagen production for protection against wrinkle formation
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The negative in vivo effect of UV radiation is on collagen production, leading to fine or coarse wrinkle development, an increase in skin roughness and fragility, mottled pigmentation, loss of elasticity and volume, and precancerous and cancerous changes [4]. The aim of regenerative strategies against skin photoaging must be the development of new autologous-biotechnologies that involve AD-MSCs and SVF by ex vivo and in vitro culture or by in vivo regeneration and bio-stimulation. In this concise review, data from recent investigations reporting the use of AD-MSCs, SVF, and F-GRF in photoaging and face soft tissue defects treatment are used to evaluate such interventions’ efficacy, while related biomolecular signaling pathways were analyzed
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