Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a variety of tissues using different methods. Active research have confirmed that the most accessible site to collect them is the adipose tissue; which has a significantly higher concentration of MSCs. Moreover; harvesting from adipose tissue is less invasive; there are no ethical limitations and a lower risk of severe complications. These adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are also able to increase at higher rates and showing telomerase activity, which acts by maintaining the DNA stability during cell divisions. Adipose-derived stem cells secret molecules that show important function in other cells vitality and mechanisms associated with the immune system, central nervous system, the heart and several muscles. They release cytokines involved in pro/anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and hematopoietic processes. Adipose-derived stem cells also have immunosuppressive properties and have been reported to be “immune privileged” since they show negative or low expression of human leukocyte antigens. Translational medicine and basic research projects can take advantage of bioprinting. This technology allows precise control for both scaffolds and cells. The properties of cell adhesion, migration, maturation, proliferation, mimicry of cell microenvironment, and differentiation should be promoted by the printed biomaterial used in tissue engineering. Self-renewal and potency are presented by MSCs, which implies in an open-source for 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine. Considering these features and necessities, ASCs can be applied in the designing of tissue engineering products. Understanding the heterogeneity of ASCs and optimizing their properties can contribute to making the best therapeutic use of these cells and opening new paths to make tissue engineering even more useful.
Highlights
The defining characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are their capacity to self-renew and their multipotency to differentiate into more than one cell type and remain in this state for long periods [1]
Adipose tissue is a complex connective tissue that originated from the mesodermal: an energy homeostasis exhibits morphologic, regulatory heterogeneity
The immune, endocrine, reproductive, hematopoietic systems are influenced by AT, acting in Understanding the heterogeneity of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and how to optimize their properties, can contribute to the inflammatory response and many other functions making the best clinical use of them and more effective tissue their engineering
Summary
The defining characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are their capacity to self-renew and their multipotency to differentiate into more than one cell type and remain in this state for long periods [1]. MSCs produce growth factors and cytokines that are involved in immunomodulation and regeneration. This immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs enables them to be used in cell therapies, especially in autoimmune diseases, host grafting and organ transplantation [2]. Tissue-derived stem cells have a degree of plasticity, depending on their type. Phenotype of their in the differentiation phenotypic potential that goes beyond the cell phenotype of their original tissue [3]. Mesenchymal several different tissues using a variety of of different methods, the most accessible site is adipose tissue [6]. Adipose tissue has different methods, the most accessible site is adipose tissue [6].
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