Abstract
Over the last decade, stem cell-based regenerative medicine has progressed to clinical testing and therapeutic applications. The applications range from infusions of autologous and allogeneic stem cells to stem cell-derived products. Adult stem cells from adipose tissue (ASCs) show significant promise in treating autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, vascular and metabolic diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration and wound defects. The regenerative capabilities of ASCs in vivo are primarily orchestrated by their secretome of paracrine factors and cell-matrix interactions. More recent developments are focused on creating more complex structures such as 3D organoids, tissue elements and eventually fully functional tissues and organs to replace or repair diseased or damaged tissues. The current and future applications for ASCs in regenerative medicine are discussed here.
Highlights
adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) and ASC-derived extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) and ASC conditioned media (ASCs-CM) have been extensively studied and widely used in regenerative medicine
ASCs isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue showed functional differences such as gene expression, growth factor secretion, proliferation rates and differentiation potential compared to ASCs isolated from visceral AT, suggesting that ASCs isolated from different depots may have unique properties (Hocking et al, 2010; Baglioni et al, 2012; Ong et al, 2014)
While the biologic properties of ASCs are not yet fully delineated, the cells are under clinical investigation in human trials for an array of diseases
Summary
ASCs and ASC-derived extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) and ASC conditioned media (ASCs-CM) have been extensively studied and widely used in regenerative medicine. Researchers have recently been designing new 3D biomaterials by combining ASCs with biomimetic scaffolds composed of either natural or synthetic materials. These 3D biomaterials have proven effective in tissue repair and organ regeneration (Storti et al, 2019; Gibler et al, 2021). These scaffolds have biological and physical properties that imitate the native ECM niche, which is crucial for stem cell adhesion, growth, proliferation and differentiation along particular lineages. The review presents strategies and challenges in this field and explores the potential advancement of tissue engineering for clinical applications
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