Abstract
The continuously evolving society of the third millennium requires more and more athletic skills for citizens of all countries.
Highlights
The continuously evolving society of the third millennium requires more and more athletic skills for citizens of all countries
The biological approaches have recently gained more attention among orthopedics clinicians and surgeons, and in particular adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs), due to the invasiveness of the procedure and the good outcomes reported in preliminary trials
In Literature, more than 5,000 articles dealing with the potentialities of ADSC are currently available, but, in our acknowledgement, only few papers focused on clinical results, with contradictory results
Summary
The continuously evolving society of the third millennium requires more and more athletic skills for citizens of all countries. Non-surgical treatments, such as physio kinesitherapy, pharmacological treatments, hyaluronic acid (HA) or its derivatives, temporarily target the symptoms but cannot prevent the degenerative process [2]. Jointpreserving surgical treatments, such as arthroscopic shaving, provide temporary relief of symptoms [3]. In this context, the biological approaches have recently gained more attention among orthopedics clinicians and surgeons, and in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), for their ability to act on cartilage, but on the whole joint environment [4]. MSCs were described by Caplan [5] as pluripotent cells, isolated from different tissues (including bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovial capsule), which can differentiate into different cell lineages (such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and tendons), contributing in this way to repair the damaged area
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