Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ involved in the management of energy metabolism via secretion of adipokines, hormones, and recently described secretory microvesicles, i.e., exosomes. Exosomes are rich in possible biologically active factors such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. The secretory function of adipose tissue is affected by pathological processes. One of the most important of these is obesity, which triggers adipose tissue inflammation and adversely affects the release of beneficial adipokines. Both processes may lead to further AT dysfunction, contributing to changes in whole-body metabolism and, subsequently, to insulin resistance. According to recent data, changes within the production, release, and content of exosomes produced by AT may be essential to understand the role of adipose tissue in the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge about the possible role of AT-derived exosomes in the development of insulin resistance, highlighting methodological challenges and potential gains resulting from exosome studies.
Highlights
Adipose tissue (AT) is a multifunctional organ distributed across the human body in numerous locations
Insulin resistance is a state in which insulin-responsive tissue fails to properly respond to physiological insulin levels, and it is strongly associated with obesity
We aim to summarize the current findings regarding the exosomes produced by white adipose tissue (WAT) by highlighting the possible functions of selected exosomal factors in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Summary
(1) membrane fusionforallows for the transfer of both the molecules internal cargo (1) membrane fusion allows the transfer of both the internal cargo molecules and membrane bywith merging withmembrane the plasma a target cell;. RNAs present in adiposederived exosomes may be directly involved in the regulation of the expression of target cell proteins, leading to the modification of signaling pathways and affecting the metabolism of distant tissues both positively and negatively. ADSCs display an altered production and secretion of exosomes, which can lead to an increased probability of adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction [23,24,25] Both the mature adipocytes and the various SVF cellular populations are a source of bioactive peptides and proteins, including cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and hormones, which are described jointly as secretome. At the level of adipose tissue, obesity induces the release of IL-1β by the tissue macrophages, which, in turn, inhibits insulin signaling in adipocytes and stimulates the release of adipocyte pro-inflammatory adipokines [37,38]. Compared to signaling factors or metabolites, EVs’ complex composition, which includes lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, provides a number of opportunities to influence numerous processes, namely satiety, appetite, the body’s energy balance, glucose, and lipid metabolism
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
