Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is strongly associated with development and progression of immune disorders through adipokines secretion, such as adiponectin. This protein has beneficial energetic properties and is involved in inflammation and immunity processes. Three oligomers of circulating adiponectin with different molecular weight are described: High (HMW), Medium (MMW), and Low (LMW). The HMW is the most biologically active oligomers. On binding to its receptors AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and T-cadherin, adiponectin acts on both innate and acquired immunity. The suppression of NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages is mediated by AdipoR1. AdipoR2 mediates polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages T-cadherin is essential for the M2 macrophage proliferation. Furthermore, adiponectin reduces T cells responsiveness and B cells lymphopoiesis. The immune system is very sensitive to environmental changes and it is not only interconnected with AT but also with the central nervous system (CNS). Cytokines, which are mediators of the immune system, exercise control over mediators of the CNS. Microglia, which are immunity cells belonging to the macrophage family, are present within the CNS. The nervous system is also involved in immunity through the production of neuropeptides such as orexin-A/hypocretin-1. This neuropeptide is involved in metabolic disorders, inflammation and in the immune response. The relationship between adipokines, immunity, and the nervous system is validated by both the role of orexin-A on fat, food intake, and energy expenditure, as well as by role of adiponectin on the CNS. In this review, we focused on the functions of adiponectin and orexin-A as a potential immunity link between AT and CNS.
Highlights
Adipose tissue (AT) is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological and metabolic processes
There is an activation of microglia and macrophages which leads to the release of neurotoxic molecules such as quinolinic acid; these consecutive events can conduct to selective destruction of orexin-A neurons in the hypothalamus (Fontana et al, 2010)
We reported that recent data on adiponectin and orexinA provide bases for a potential link between AT and central nervous system (CNS)
Summary
Adipose tissue (AT) is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological and metabolic processes. Its functions are both as a site for energy storage and as an endocrine organ, fundamentally composed of adipocytes but populated by a number of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and macrophages (Coelho et al, 2013). In pathological and non-pathological situations the immune system monitors and responds to specific metabolic signals This is done via a set of factors such as adipocytokines that have important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, like immune responses. Nutrition constitutes one of the major environmental factors It exerts several effects on the function and development of the immune system. Due to the connection between adipokines, immunity, and the nervous system, this review will be focused on the role of adiponectin and orexin A in immunity
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