Abstract

Aim There is scarce information on associations of adipokines, and concurrent glucose disposal during early pregnancy as performance of oral glucose tolerance is uncommon before 24th gestational week. We sought to examine associations of leptin and adiponectin to insulin sensitivity already at early pregnancy before recommended screening for GDM and to describe trajectories of adiponectin in relation to GDM status. Methods 216 pregnant women were prospectively included at 16th (IQR: 14–18) gestational week (GW) for fasting adiponectin and leptin with subsequent OGTT testing for evaluation of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Follow-ups of adiponectin were performed at further four visits until 8–12 weeks after delivery. Results In early pregnancy, differences in adiponectin and leptin were significant between GDM women (n = 82) and controls (n = 134), whereby those with early GDM (<21st week, n = 49) showed more distinguishing levels (adiponectin: 8.5 ± 3.8 versus 10.4 ± 4.4 μg/ml, p = 0.004; leptin 93.4 ± 38.5 versus 78.0 ± 39.2 μg/ml, p = 0.005). Both adipokines were significantly associated with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Their attribution for GDM prediction was moderate to fair and more enhanced in early GDM. Trajectories of adiponectin remained constantly lower in GDM women, whereas dynamics in controls showed initially increased concentrations with decreasing tendency until 3rd trimester. After delivery, low adiponectin was associated with glucose dysregulation. Conclusion Associations of adiponectin and leptin with features of deteriorated glucose metabolism at early gestation may be indicative for the endocrine involvement of adipose tissue in the manifestation of GDM and thus predictive for later impairments in metabolic flexibility in women at risk.

Highlights

  • Overweight and obesity in women at reproductive age advances the development of insulin resistance and thereby increases risk for early deterioration of pregnancy metabolism [1]

  • GDM was diagnosed in 82 women, whereby 49 of these were affected by earlier manifestation ≤ 21st gestational week (GW). 134 women remained normal glucose tolerant (NGT) during pregnancy

  • Pregnancy per se is a condition affected by metabolic rearrangements of adipose tissue that are physiologically mediated by progressive insulin resistance with advancing gestation [17]

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Summary

Introduction

Overweight and obesity in women at reproductive age advances the development of insulin resistance and thereby increases risk for early deterioration of pregnancy metabolism [1]. Besides its function as energy storage site, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, secreting proteins that are involved in various physiologic interactions with other organic systems [2]. Among these adipokines, adiponectin and leptin are suggested to play a considerable role in the regulation of whole-body glucose homeostasis. There is much controversial data, but most clinical studies support that during pregnancy, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia promote adipocyte leptin synthesis that is independent of maternal BMI and further suggest an association of early hyperleptinemia with later GDM onset [2, 4].

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