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Abstract
Globesity is referred to a global epidemic of obesity, affecting millions of individuals. Molecules released by the enlarged adipose tissue, most of which are pro-inflammatory, have been named adipokines. The present review deals with function, molecular targets and the potential clinical relevance of adipokines. Currently, more than 600 adipokines have been identified, many of them, including leptin, visfatin, resistin as well as Retinol Binding Protein4 may serve as informative markers for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and play important roles in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity as well as metabolic regulation of energy expenditure. Adiponectin on the contrary exerts anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing activity. Adiponectin has additional anti-atherogenic effects and low adiponectin serum concentrations are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. The understanding of the role of adipokines has provided a wealth of information that has opened great opportunities for new therapeutic advances. Adiponectin may be the most prominent example for the potential use of an adipokine in the treatment of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. In many studies, administration of recombinant adiponectin results in improved insulin sensitivity, increased insulin secretion and beneficial effects on body weight and hyperglycemia. Up-regulation of adiponectin/adiponectin receptors or enhancing adiponectin receptor function may be an interesting therapeutic strategy for obesity-linked insulin resistance. Moreover, the therapeutic use of combined amylin/leptin agonism (with pramlintide and metreleptin) demonstrated a significant weight-lowering effect in obese subjects. Therefore, adipokines may be clinically relevant either as therapeutic tools or as target in the treatment of obesity related diseases.
Highlights
The economic and social development of industrialized countries are accompanied by changes in lifestyle, more and more sedentary, and changes in eating habits that result in a dramatic increase in obesity
High levels of circulating free fatty acids can cause peripheral insulin resistance in both animals and humans [11,12]. These alterations affect the function of adipose tissue [13,14,15,16] and induce changes in the microenvironment that contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory cell leading to a state of chronic low grade inflammation [17,18]
It was shown that serum vaspin decreased following modest weight loss accompanied by improved parameters relevant to insulin resistance [92]. These findings suggested that vaspin may provide a compensatory response to antagonize the action of proteases that could be up regulated in states of insulin resistance [93]
Summary
Tania Di Raimo, Gabriella Azzara, Mariangela Corsi, Daria Cipollone, Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco and Rita Businaro1* 1Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 2Organi di Senso Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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