Abstract
The adhesion and friction of mirror-smooth rubber against polished ice has been investigated and involved an optical study of the contact interface. Below −20°C good adhesion was found. At low sliding speeds the friction was high and Schallamach waves propagated through the contact area. Under these conditions the level of friction can be predicted in terms of a rate-dependent peel energy. With temperature increase adhesion diminished and became lost above −5°C. This appears due to changed surface properties of the ice. Measurements indicate that the surface becomes mechanically weak, perhaps quasi-liquid, and that its shear strength decreases with increasing temperature, age and ionic ‘impurities’. Various rubber compounds were compared. All showed about the same low friction when slid on ice at 0°C, but with decreasing temperature the more soft and resilient the compound the higher the friction.
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