Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women

Abstract

Little is known about the overall health effects of adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The healthy eating index (HEI), developed at the US Department of Agriculture, measures how well Americans' diets conform to these guidelines. We tested whether the HEI (scores range from 0 to 100; 100 is best) calculated from food-frequency questionnaires (HEI-f) would predict risk of major chronic disease in women. A total of 67272 US female nurses who were free of major disease completed detailed questionnaires on diet and chronic disease risk factors in 1984 and repeatedly over 12 y. Major chronic disease was defined as fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction or stroke, n = 1365), fatal or nonfatal cancer (n = 5216), or other nontraumatic deaths (n = 496), whichever came first. We also examined cardiovascular disease and cancer as separate outcomes. After adjustment for smoking and other risk factors, the HEI-f score was not associated with risk of overall major chronic disease in women [relative risk (RR) = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.06 comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of HEI-f score]. Being in the highest HEI-f quintile was associated with a 14% reduction in cardiovascular disease risk (RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.72, 1. 03) and was not associated with lower cancer risk (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.12). These data suggest that adherence to the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, as measured by the HEI-f, will have limited benefit in preventing major chronic disease in women.