Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Effect on Survival of HIV-Infected Individuals in Jharkhand, India

Sandeep Rai,Bidhubhusan Mahapatra,Srinivasan Venkatesh,Srinivasan Venkatesh,Pinnamaneni Yujwal Raj,Pinnamaneni Yujwal Raj,Mohammed Shaukat,Mohammed Shaukat,Bharat Bhusan Rewari,Subhashish Sircar,Deepak Shukla

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066860

Sandeep Rai, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra + Show 9 more

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066860

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Abstract

IntroductionResearch in India has extensively examined the factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) with limited focus on examining the relationship between adherence to ART regimen and survival status of HIV infected patients. This study examines the effect of optimal adherence to ART on survival status of HIV infected patients attending ART centers in Jharkhand, India.Materials and MethodsData from a cohort of 239 HIV infected individuals who were initiated ART in 2007 were compiled from medical records retrospectively for 36 months. Socio-demographic characteristics, CD4 T cell count, presence of opportunistic infections at the time of ART initiation and ART regimen intake and survival status was collected periodically. Optimal adherence was assessed using pill count methods; patients who took <95% of the specified regimens were identified as non-adherent. Cox-proportional hazard model was used to determine the relative hazards of mortality.ResultsMore than three-fourths of the patients were male, on an average 34 year old and median CD4 T cell count was 118 cells/cmm at the time of ART registration. About 57% of the patients registered for ART were found to be adherent to ART. A total of 104 patients died in 358.5 patient-years of observation resulting in a mortality rate of 29 per 100 patient-years (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.9–35.2) and median survival time of 6.5 months (CI: 2.7–10.9). The mortality rate was higher among patients who were non-adherent to ART (64.5, CI: 50.5–82.4) than who were adherent (15.4, CI: 11.3–21.0). The risk of mortality was fourfold higher among individuals who were non-adherent to ART than who were adherent (Adjusted hazard ratio: 3.9, CI: 2.6–6.0).ConclusionAdherence to ART is associated with a higher chance of survival of HIV infected patients, ascertaining the need for interventions to improve the ART adherence and early initiation of ART.

Highlights

Research in India has extensively examined the factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) with limited focus on examining the relationship between adherence to ART regimen and survival status of HIV infected patients
The mortality rate was higher among patients who were non-adherent to ART (64.5, CI: 50.5–82.4) than who were adherent (15.4, CI: 11.3–21.0)
The risk of mortality was fourfold higher among individuals who were non-adherent to ART than who were adherent (Adjusted hazard ratio: 3.9, CI: 2.6–6.0)

Summary

Introduction

Research in India has extensively examined the factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) with limited focus on examining the relationship between adherence to ART regimen and survival status of HIV infected patients. This study examines the effect of optimal adherence to ART on survival status of HIV infected patients attending ART centers in Jharkhand, India. In the absence of a cure for HIV, the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been able to improve the survival of HIV infected individuals [1,2,3] by delaying the progression to AIDS [4,5]. Empirical research suggests that globally around 33% to 38% of HIV infected adults do not adhere to treatment regimens of ART [9]. The generic fixed drug combination of zidovudine (or) stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (or) efavirenz was provided as first-line ART regimen [10,16]

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