Adherence of HIV Self-Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Longitudinal Study.

Xiangyu Yan,Hexuan Su,Bo Zhang,Lingling Zhang,Yongjie Li,Zhongwei Jia

doi:10.2196/19627

Xiangyu Yan, Hexuan Su + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.2196/19627

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Abstract

BackgroundThe World Health Organization recommended HIV self-testing (HIVST) for individuals practicing unsafe sexual behaviors; however, the adherence to HIV testing has not been reported.ObjectiveIn this study, we attempted to determine the adherence to HIVST among men who have sex with men (MSM), as well as the impact factors and potential effects of their adherence.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study among MSM in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018. A mobile app system was used to provide the “Mailing rapid test reagent kit” for the HIVST service. The proportion of those who adhered to HIV testing every 3 months was calculated. Logistic regression was used to explore the impact factors related to adherence to HIVST. Rates of HIV infection between MSM who adhered to HIVST and those who did not were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression. Changes of condom use behaviors between the two groups were also compared using the chi-square test.ResultsA total of 1315 MSM who received the HIVST service through the app were included in the study. Overall, 10% of the MSM adhered to HIVST, and the proportion of adhering tests was only 34.9%. Adherence of HIVST was associated with marital status (adjusted odds ratio [OR]unmarried vs married 2.31, 95% CI 1.13-4.71) and the number of HIV tests they received (adjusted OR3 times vs 2 times or below 3.36, 95% CI 2.01-5.63; adjusted OR4 times or above vs 2 times or below 7.30, 95% CI 4.67-11.42). Twenty HIV seroconversions were observed during 1-year follow up. The rate of HIV infection in the adherence group (17.10 per 100 person years, 95% CI 8.80-30.84) was significantly higher than that in the nonadherence group (4.80 per 100 person years, 95% CI 2.77-7.88; adjusted hazard ratio 3.33, 95% CI 1.35-8.20). Those who adhered to HIV testing were more likely to improve condom use behaviors, although the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsRegular HIV testing is necessary for early detection of HIV infection among MSM. Given the poor adherence, a new internet-based management paradigm for MSM is needed to raise their health awareness to optimize the implementation of HIVST.

Highlights

Promoting HIV testing is an essential way to achieve the first 90% of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s “90-90-90” target (90% detection, 90% treatment, 90% viral suppression) [1]
Regular HIV testing is necessary for early detection of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM)
Considering the time window of 3-12 weeks of HIV detection along with the technical advances in HIV rapid test reagents, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that sexually active MSM undergo HIV testing every 3 months, which is consistent with the recommendation of the US CDC and more frequent than the interval of 6-12 months recommended by the WHO in 2007 [8,9,10]

Summary

Introduction

Promoting HIV testing is an essential way to achieve the first 90% of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s “90-90-90” target (90% detection, 90% treatment, 90% viral suppression) [1]. It is important to examine the actual adherence to HIV testing among MSM to provide guidance for interventions. Due to the anonymity in providing HIV testing services, it has not been possible to calculate the number of individuals who received HIV testing, let alone the testing frequency and adherence. Previous cross-sectional studies were not able to evaluate the real-world HIV testing adherence, as calculating this index requires follow-up observation, and participants in cohort studies and trials were influenced by the researchers’ reminders for receiving HIV testing and other services to avoid loss to follow up. The World Health Organization recommended HIV self-testing (HIVST) for individuals practicing unsafe sexual behaviors; the adherence to HIV testing has not been reported

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