Adfreeze strength of model piles in ice

Abstract

The adfreeze bond strengths of wood, concrete, and steel H-section piles embedded in fresh-water ice have been measured under constant rates of displacement for displacement rates varying between 10−4 and 10−1 mm/min (loading rates between 10−3 and 10 kN/min). Wood piles showed the highest adfreeze strength (0.6 and 1.8 MPa); that for concrete piles was independent of rate of displacement (average value 0.8 MPa); that for steel H-sections varied between 0.2 and 0.6 MPa. These results were used in estimating the contribution of ice adhesion to the total adfreeze strength of various piles in frozen sand.