Adenovirus serotype 5 E1A expressing tumor cells elicit a tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response independent of NKG2D

Abstract

The expression of the Adenovirus serotype 2 or serotype 5 (Ad2/5) E1A gene in tumor cells upregulates ligands that are recognized by the NKG2D activating receptor, which is expressed on NK cells and T cells, and reduces their tumorigenicity, a process dependent on NK cells and T cells. In some model systems, the forced overexpression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that mediated anti-tumor immunity. We wanted to determine if the interaction of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells that express E1A with NKG2D on immune cells contributed to the ability of E1A to induce a CD8+ T cell anti-tumor response or reduce tumorigenicity. To address these questions, we used the MCA-205 tumor cell line or MCA-205 cells that expressed Ad5 E1A (MCA-205-E1A cells), a fusion protein of E1A and ovalbumin (MCA-205-E1A-OVA) or OVA (MCA-205-OVA). We found that the expression of E1A or E1A–OVA, but not OVA, upregulated the expression of the NKG2D ligand RAE-1 on the surface of MCA-205 cells. Additionally, MCA-205-E1A cells and MCA-205-E1A-OVA cells were more sensitive to NK cell lysis than MCA-205 or MCA-205-OVA cells in WT B6 mice, but not NKG2D deficient B6 mice. Next, we adoptively transferred WT or NKG2D deficient OT-1 T cells (CD8 T cells that recognize OVA residues 257–264) into WT B6 mice or B6 mice that were deficient in NKG2D respectively and measured the expansion of OT-1 cells following immunization with MCA-205-E1A-OVA or MCA-205-OVA cells. We found that the expansion of OT-1 cells following immunization of either OVA-expressing MCA-205 cell lines was not affected by the presence or absence of NKG2D in B6 mice. Finally, we found that the capacity of E1A to reduce the tumorigenicity of MCA-205 cells was not impaired in B6-NKG2D deficient mice as compared to WT B6 mice. Our results suggest that the ability of E1A to reduce the tumorigenicity of MCA-205 cells, or induce an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, is independent of the interaction of NKG2D ligands with the NKG2D receptor.