Abstract
Ever since the discovery of vaccines, many deadly diseases have been contained worldwide, ultimately culminating in the eradication of smallpox and polio, which represented significant medical achievements in human health. However, this does not account for the threat influenza poses on public health. The currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines primarily confer excellent strain-specific protection. In addition to the seasonal influenza viruses, the emergence and spread of avian influenza pandemic viruses such as H5N1, H7N9, H7N7, and H9N2 to humans have highlighted the urgent need to adopt a new global preparedness for an influenza pandemic. It is vital to explore new strategies for the development of effective vaccines for pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses. The new vaccine approaches should provide durable and broad protection with the capability of large-scale vaccine production within a short time. The adenoviral (Ad) vector-based vaccine platform offers a robust egg-independent production system for manufacturing large numbers of influenza vaccines inexpensively in a short timeframe. In this review, we discuss the progress in the development of Ad vector-based influenza vaccines and their potential in designing a universal influenza vaccine.
Highlights
Adenoviruses (Ads) belong to the family Adenoviridae
A dose-dependent secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), inducible protein-10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) alpha (MIP-α), MIP-1β, and MIP-2, C–C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-12 were recognized following the systemic injection of Ad vectors [27,28,29,30]
Several Human Ad (HAd) vectors have been used for developing influenza vaccines, but the majority of these studies were conducted with human Ad type 5 (HAd5) vectors (Table 1)
Summary
Adenoviruses (Ads) belong to the family Adenoviridae. They are widely prevalent in humans, other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Ad as a gene delivery system, the convenience of certified cell lines for large-scale production and purification, and their safety for including the simplicity of the they vector development, their ability to replicate to very high titerslevels in cell human applications. In particular, are essential for the periodic influenza pandemics due virus in humans or an antigenic shift, due to the reassortment of influenza segmented RNA genome in their infection, prevalencecould in a variety of ahosts, Adaptations of anhumans avian orhave swine influenza ato mixed generate novelincluding influenzabirds.
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