Abstract
Neurogenic sphincter dysfunction in females will be discussed with reference to both foundational and contemporary research with an emphasis on tools for urologic management. The article will focus on both conservative and surgical options for patients broadly characterized with underactive or overactive sphincter dysfunction. There is limited recently published prospective data to guide management; however, there exist several insightful retrospective studies to guide practice. The bulk of literature for the management of sphincter dysfunction for this complex patient population remains retrospective, and choice of intervention continues to rely upon individual patient characteristics and goals of care to maintain safety and quality of life.
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