Abstract
Onshore Power Supply (OPS), ALSO known as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">shore-side electricity</i> , is one of the promising technologies available to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in ports. Emissions at berth count for around 7% of overall shipping emissions in Europe [2020 European Union (EU) MRV Report]. OPS can also help address other externalities, such as noise and air pollution. As most European ports are located in or near urban areas, OPS is therefore an important tool and part of the solution for greening the shipping sector. Ports all over Europe have already started deploying OPS and are making plans for new or additional installations in the future. However, OPS as a technology is not an end in itself, and there are many barriers to the effective deployment of OPS.
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