Abstract
PMMA bone cements are mainly used to fix implanted prostheses and are introduced as a fluid mixture, which hardens over time. The problem of infected prosthesis could be solved due to the development of some new antibacterial bone cements. In this paper, we show the results obtained to develop four different modified PMMA bone cements by using antimicrobial additives, such as gentamicin, peppermint oil incorporated in hydroxyapatite, and silver nanoparticles incorporated in a ceramic glass matrix (2 and 4%). The structure and morphology of the modified bone cements were investigated by SEM and EDS. We perform experimental measurements on wettability, hydration degree, and degradation degree after immersion in simulated body fluid. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay using the human MG-63 cell line. Antimicrobial properties were checked against standard strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The addition of antimicrobial agents did not significantly affect the hydration and degradation degree. In terms of biocompatibility assessed by the MTT test, all experimental PMMA bone cements are biocompatible. The performance of bone cements with peppermint essential oil and silver nanoparticles against these two pathogens suggests that these antibacterial additives look promising to be used in clinical practice against bacterial infection.
Highlights
Bone cements are used to fix artificial joints, such as hip or knee prostheses
The main objective of the paper was to develop novel modified PMMA bone cements with antimicrobial properties using hydroxyapatite impregnated with peppermint oil, silver nanoparticles incorporated in ceramic glass matrix, and gentamicin as antimicrobial agents
Silver nanoparticles incorporated in a ceramic glass matrix were used, respectively, hydroxyapatite (HAp, >95% purity, purchased from the Plasma Biotal Limited (Tideswell, UK)) impregnated with peppermint oil and gentamicin, being obtained 4 new bone cement compositions
Summary
Bone cements are used to fix artificial joints, such as hip or knee prostheses. These materials fill the space between the implant and the joint and are introduced as a fluid mixture, which hardens over time. Bone cements can be defined as a mixture of substances, a family of materials consisting of a powder phase and a liquid phase which, after 2 of 18 mixing and homogenization, forms a paste which has the ability to cure, and self-stabilizing once implanted in the body This material has a special flexibility and modelling, mixture, which hardens over at time. Cements can be defined as a mixture of which ensures the fixation of the material the Bone implant site and a good bone-material a family of materials consisting of a powder phase and a liquid phase which, contact, even in substances, complex defects from a geometric point of view [1]. Implant site and a good bone-material late) (PMMA) based bone cements are two-component systems, comprising a solid phase contact, even in complex defects from a geometric point of view [1].
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