Abstract
Electron beam melting (EBM), as one of metal additive manufacturing technologies, is considered to be an innovative industrial production technology. Based on the layer‐wise manufacturing technique, as‐produced parts can be fabricated on a powder bed using the 3D computational design method. Because the melting process takes place in a vacuum environment, EBM technology can produce parts with higher densities compared to selective laser melting (SLM), particularly when titanium alloy is used. The ability to produce higher quality parts using EBM technology is making EBM more competitive. After briefly introducing the EBM process and the processing factors involved, this paper reviews recent progress in the processing, microstructure, and properties of titanium alloys and their composites manufactured by EBM. The paper describes significant positive progress in EBM of all types of titanium in terms of solid bulk and porous structures including Ti–6Al–4V and Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn, with a focus on manufacturing using EBM and the resultant unique microstructure and service properties (mechanical properties, fatigue behaviors, and corrosion resistance properties) of EBM‐produced titanium alloys.
Highlights
Because the melting process takes place in a vacuum environment, electron beam melting (EBM) technology can produce parts with higher densities compared to selective laser melting (SLM), when titanium alloy is used
This paper has reviewed recent progress in the development of biomedical titanium produced by electron beam melting (EBM)
Biomedical titanium alloys such as Ti–6Al–4V are usually the preferred materials for medical implants because of their low Young's modulus, excellent biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance, and high strength compared with stainless steel and CoCr alloys
Summary
The increasing demand for metal components with complex shapes and high quality underpins a strong motivation for the development of manufacturing technologies.[1,2] Additive manufacturing (AM) has been emerging as a technology with the ability to realize three-dimensional shapes with complex geometries based on the layer-by-layer incremental manufacturing concept.[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] Currently, there exist several representative AM techniques, including inkjet printing (IJP),[11,12] fused deposition modeling (FDM),[13,14,15] selective laser sintering (SLS),[16,17,18] ultrafast laser processing,[19,20,21,22,23] selective laser melting (SLM),[2,24,25,26,27,28,29] and electron beam melting (EBM).[30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] So far, ipt many alloys, such as steels, titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys, have been used to cr fabricate products with excellent properties.[4,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47] The choice of suitable metallic s materials has become more important because the AM-produced components need to nu meet the specific requirements of different industrial applications. EBM-produced samples have a finer microstructure in the n production compared to conventional casting techniques, the Ma strength is improved .[72] a heat-based approach r such as HIP treatment can remove defects, this process will result in tho additional costs and might coarsen the grain and decrease the strength of Au the resultant part.[107] it is necessary to further understand the effect of the EBM processing parameters on 3D geometry, the size and structure, relative density, position, and distribution of defective pores in a component in order to achieve optimal mechanical performance. The building height affects the thickness of the oxide on the top surface due to variations in the chamber pressure.[70]
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