Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become an important tool in the field of tissue engineering and its further development will lead to completely new clinical possibilities. The ability to create tissue scaffolds with controllable characteristics, such as internal architecture, porosity, and interconnectivity make it highly desirable in comparison to conventional techniques, which lack a defined structure and repeatability between scaffolds. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the production of scaffolds with patient-specific dimensions using computer-aided design. The availability of commercially available 3D printed permanent implants is on the rise; however, there are yet to be any commercially available biodegradable/bioresorbable devices. This review will compare the main 3D printing techniques of: stereolithography; selective laser sintering; powder bed inkjet printing and extrusion printing; for the fabrication of biodegradable/bioresorbable bone tissue scaffolds; and, discuss their potential for dental applications, specifically augmentation of the alveolar ridge.
Highlights
Additive manufacture (AM) has been shown as a promising fabrication technique for the production of bone replacement scaffolds
As the materials being discussed in this review have an established biocompatibility and are biodegradable/bioresorbable, this review will focus on the other necessary properties that are required for successful bone augmentation achieved through the respective manufacturing technique
In a study that was performed by Klammert et al, brushite scaffolds that were fabricated by printing 20 wt % phosphoric acid onto Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) powder had a compressive strength of 23.4 ± 3.3 MPa compared to 15.3 ± 1.1 MPa for printed monetite scaffolds [90]
Summary
Additive manufacture (AM) has been shown as a promising fabrication technique for the production of bone replacement scaffolds. NTuhfeacmtuarniunfgacptruorciensgs,parsocweessll, aass well as design parameters, such as porosity, pore size, scaffold interconnectivity, and mechanical strength, have been shown to influence the osteogenic cell interaction [8,9,10]. 2018, 19, 3308 design parameters, such as porosity, pore size, scaffold interconnectivity, and mechanical strength, have been shown to influence the osteogenic cell interaction [8,9,10]. To produce a bone tissue scaffold with all the aforementioned characteristics, a variety of biodegradable/bioresorbable materials have been used along with different manufacturing techniques. As the materials being discussed in this review have an established biocompatibility and are biodegradable/bioresorbable, this review will focus on the other necessary properties that are required for successful bone augmentation achieved through the respective manufacturing technique. Aarwe ildime riatendgeboyf mthaetierriaablsilcitayn tboe pberepparorecdesfsoerdSLinAto(coampphaorteodicnroTsasblilne k1a),bhleowhyevderor gtheel,ymaroedliifmieidtebdybythteheaidrdaibtiilointyotof pbheoptroo-ccersossesdlininktaobalepghrootou-pcsroaslsolningktahbelemhoyldercouglealr, mchoadinifi[e2d9–b3y1]t.he addition of photo-crosslinkable groups along the molecular chain [29,30,31]
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