Abstract
Artocarpus lakoocha (Al) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) extracts have been reported to show tyrosinase inhibitory activity and melanin pigment reduction. This is the first study to assess the combination of Al and Gg extracts in enhancing inhibition of tyrosinase and reduction of melanin pigments. Al and Gg extracted by maceration in 70% and 95% ethanol were analyzed for oxyresveratrol and glabridin using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Extracts of Al and Gg singly and combinations of Al95 and Gg95 were tested for cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and reduction of melanin pigments in melanoma B16 cells. Al95 had higher antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory activity and reduced more melanin pigments in B16 cells compared to Al70, and exhibited higher levels of oxyresveratrol. Gg95 inhibited oxidative stress and mushroom tyrosinase better than Gg70, and exhibited higher levels of glabridin. Combinations of Al95 and Gg95 at various ratios (concentration of 0.1 mg/mL) were not cytotoxic to B16 cells. Interestingly, Al95 and Gg95 combined at a ratio 9:1 reduced melanin pigment up to 53% in B16 cells. This combination of Al95 and Gg95 extracts exhibited the additive effect of reducing melanin pigments by suppressing the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) in B16 cells. The combination of Al and Gg extracts could be developed as skin care products for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Highlights
Human skin color is primarily determined by the content of melanin, a pigment that is produced by dermal melanocytes through melanogenesis
Oxyresveratrol and glabridin were major components found in Al95 and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) 95 extracts, respectively, and these compounds appear to possess tyrosinase inhibitory activity
Artocarpus lakoocha (Al) and Gg extracts exhibited the inhibition of both mushroom and cellular tyrosinase activities, and reduction of melanin pigments in B16 cells
Summary
Human skin color is primarily determined by the content of melanin, a pigment that is produced by dermal melanocytes through melanogenesis. Tyrosinase inhibitors include l-ascorbic acid [13,14,15], kojic acid [16,17], ellagic acid [18], tranexamic acid [19,20,21], arbutin [22], and hydroquinone [23,24]. These compounds have been proposed as skin-whitening agents for the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. There is considerable interest in finding alternative, herbal depigmenting agents
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