Additive and Interactive Associations of Environmental and Sociodemographic Factors with the Genotypes of Three Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Relation to the Blood Arsenic Concentrations of Children in Jamaica.

Mohammad H Rahbar,Jan Bressler,Megan L Grove,Maureen Samms-Vaughan,Katherine A Loveland,Sydonnie Shakspeare-Pellington,Yuansong Zhao,Manouchehr Hessabi,Sepideh Saroukhani,Sheikh F Zaman

doi:10.3390/ijerph19010466

Abstract

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that has been classified as a xenobiotic with toxic effects on human beings, especially on children. Since the soil in Jamaica contains As, dietary intake is considered the main source of As exposure in Jamaicans. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, including GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1, play an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotics including As in humans. Using data from 375 typically developing children (2–8 years) in Jamaica, we investigated the environmental and sociodemographic factors, as well as their possible interactions with the children’s genotype for GST genes in relation to having a detectable level of blood As concentration (i.e., >1.3 μg/L). Using multivariable logistic regression, we have identified environmental factors significantly associated with blood As concentrations that include a child’s age, parental education levels, and the consumption of saltwater fish, cabbage, broad beans, and avocado (all p < 0.01). Based on the multivariable analysis including gene x environment interactions, we found that among children with the Ile/Ile genotype for GSTP1 Ile105Val, children who consumed avocado had higher odds of having a detectable blood As concentration compared to children who did not eat avocado.

Highlights

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid with both metal and nonmetal properties [1,2], which is both naturally occurring and found in environmental contaminants resulting from humanInt
(3.71 μg/L vs. 3.29 μg/L, p = 0.29), the direction of the observed difference was consistent with that of the typically developed (TD) control children. These findings suggested a possible role of glutathione-S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) in the detoxification of As that may influence the risk of As-related disease and disorders in Jamaican TD children [29]
We found that the association between the consumption of avocado and blood As concentrations was significant among children with the Ile/Ile genotype (OR = 7.44 (2.75, 20.10), p < 0.01), whereas, it was non-significant among children with Val/Val or Ile/Val genotypes (p = 0.27 and p = 0.66, respectively)

Summary

Introduction

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid with both metal and nonmetal properties [1,2], which is both naturally occurring and found in environmental contaminants resulting from humanInt. Arsenic (As) is a metalloid with both metal and nonmetal properties [1,2], which is both naturally occurring and found in environmental contaminants resulting from human. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 466 activities [3]. Arsenic is a xenobiotic with toxic effects on human beings [2]. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is rated first among a list of hazardous substances prepared by the United

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