Abstract
CVD and associated metabolic diseases are linked to chronic inflammation, which can be modified by diet. The objective of the present study was to determine whether there is a difference in inflammatory markers, blood metabolic and lipid panels and lymphocyte gene expression in response to a high-fat dairy food challenge with or without milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Participants consumed a dairy product-based meal containing whipping cream (WC) high in saturated fat with or without the addition of MFGM, following a 12 h fasting blood draw. Inflammatory markers including IL-6 and C-reactive protein, lipid and metabolic panels and lymphocyte gene expression fold changes were measured using multiplex assays, clinical laboratory services and TaqMan real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Fold changes in gene expression were determined using the Pfaffl method. Response variables were converted into incremental AUC, tested for differences, and corrected for multiple comparisons. The postprandial insulin response was significantly lower following the meal containing MFGM (P < 0·01). The gene encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) was shown to be more up-regulated in the absence of MFGM (P = 0·009). Secondary analyses showed that participants with higher baseline cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (Chol:HDL) had a greater reduction in gene expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTBR) with the WC+MFGM meal. The protein and lipid composition of MFGM is thought to be anti-inflammatory. These exploratory analyses suggest that addition of MFGM to a high-saturated fat meal modifies postprandial insulin response and offers a protective role for those individuals with higher baseline Chol:HDL.
Highlights
CVD and associated metabolic diseases are linked to chronic inflammation, which can be modified by diet
Secondary analyses showed that participants with higher baseline cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (Chol:HDL) had a greater reduction in gene expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTBR) with the whipping cream (WC)+milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) meal
Obesity is another major contributor to chronic inflammation and increases an individual’s risk for Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; Chol:HDL, cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; EPHX2, soluble epoxide hydrolase; iAUC, incremental AUC; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTBR, lymphotoxin β receptor; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; SAA, serum amyloid A; sEH, soluble epoxide hydrolase; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC, whipping cream
Summary
CVD and associated metabolic diseases are linked to chronic inflammation, which can be modified by diet. Diet plays a major role in influencing inflammation at the vascular wall and in peripheral tissues, where atherosclerosis and insulin resistance can occur[2,3] Obesity is another major contributor to chronic inflammation and increases an individual’s risk for Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; Chol:HDL, cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; EPHX2, soluble epoxide hydrolase; iAUC, incremental AUC; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTBR, lymphotoxin β receptor; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; SAA, serum amyloid A; sEH, soluble epoxide hydrolase; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC, whipping cream. T2DM, which is associated with increased risk of retinopathy, infection and peripheral neuropathy, which can result in amputations and blindness[7,9,10,11,12]
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