Abstract
To reduce the energy cost of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs), the duty cycle (i.e., periodic wake-up and sleep) concept has been used in several medium access control (MAC) protocols. Although these protocols are energy efficient, they sacrifice bandwidth utilization, which leads to lower transmission rate. In order to solve this problem, asynchronous duty cycle with network-coding Asynchronous Duty Cycle with Network-Coding MAC (ADCNC-MAC) is proposed. It contains initialization of the MAC protocol phase and data transmission phase. In the first phase, we use an asynchronous duty cycle to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data. A strategy to select network coder nodes is presented to confirm the number of network coder nodes and distribution in the network coder layer. In the data transmission phase, the network coder nodes transmit using the proposed network-coding-based algorithm and a higher volume of packet will be transmitted to the Sink with the same number of transmissions. Simulation results show that ADCNC-MAC achieves higher power efficiency, improves packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network throughput.
Highlights
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs) enable a wide range of application, including environment monitoring, tactical surveillance, disaster warning, and many more
Imperative and co-related research have shown energy as the most decisive resource for any UWSNs; the demand for extended network lifetime motivates the design of energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols [7]
The selection of network coder node strategy has been proposed; we use an asynchronous duty cycle to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data in order to reduce energy consumption, and network coder nodes use a network-coding-based communication paradigm to improve the bandwidth utilization and reliability of the network
Summary
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs) enable a wide range of application, including environment monitoring, tactical surveillance, disaster warning, and many more. In asynchronous protocols [10], nodes maintain their individual cycles randomly and allow nodes to operate independently Such protocols typically employ low power listening, in which, prior to data transmission, a sender transmits a preamble to rendezvous with the receiver [11]. The selection of network coder node strategy has been proposed; we use an asynchronous duty cycle to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data in order to reduce energy consumption, and network coder nodes use a network-coding-based communication paradigm to improve the bandwidth utilization and reliability of the network. 2 Related work The recent design of high transmission rate and energyefficient MAC protocols concentrated on terrestrial sensor networks [13] and the techniques that have been developed are not suitable for the challenging underwater acoustic communication medium that experiences a very large propagation delay of 1 s over 1.5 km. The MPNC-MAC protocol only applies to the sparse network, and it wastes energy consumption due to idle listening
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